循证医学，医疗保健专业人员在做出决定时提到最佳证据的实践，形成现代医疗保健的基础。但是，它依赖于劳动密集型系统评论，其中域名专家必须从数千个出版物中汇总和提取信息，主要是随机对照试验（RCT）结果转化为证据表。本文通过对两个语言处理任务分解的问题来调查自动化证据表生成：\ texit {命名实体识别}，它标识文本中的关键实体，例如药物名称，以及\ texit {关系提取}，它会映射它们的关系将它们分成有序元组。我们专注于发布的RCT摘要的句子的自动制表，报告研究结果的结果。使用转移学习和基于变压器的语言表示的原则，开发了两个深度神经网络模型作为联合提取管道的一部分。为了培训和测试这些模型，开发了一种新的金标语，包括来自六种疾病区域的近600个结果句。这种方法表现出显着的优势，我们的系统在多种自然语言处理任务和疾病区域中表现良好，以及在训练期间不均匀地展示疾病域。此外，我们显示这些结果可以通过培训我们的模型仅在200个例句中培训。最终系统是一个概念证明，即证明表的产生可以是半自动的，代表全自动系统评论的一步。

自动劝说系统（APS）旨在说服用户通过进入交换参数和反向的对话来相信某事。为了最大化APS成功地说服用户的概率，它可以识别一个全局策略，该策略将允许它选择对话的每个阶段的最佳参数，无论用户提供的任何参数是什么参数。然而，在真实的应用程序中，例如医疗保健，对话结果的效用将是相同的，或者对AP和用户的完全相同。为了处理这种情况，在双党决策理论中采用了扩展表格的奥运会。这将打开我们在本文中地址的新问题：（1）我们如何使用机器学习（ML）方法来预测用于用户不同群体的实用功能？ （2）我们如何识别新用户，从我们学到的那些中获得最佳实用程序功能？在这种程度上，我们开发了两种ML方法，EAI和EDS，利用来自用户来预测其实用程序的信息。 EAI仅限于固定数量的信息，而EDS可以选择最能检测到用户的子步骤的信息。我们在模拟环境中评估EAI和EDS，并在有关健康饮食习惯的实际案例研究中。结果在这两种情况下都具有很大，但EDS在预测有用的实用功能方面更有效。

Cataloging the complex behaviors of dynamical systems can be challenging, even when they are well-described by a simple mechanistic model. If such a system is of limited analytical tractability, brute force simulation is often the only resort. We present an alternative, optimization-driven approach using tools from machine learning. We apply this approach to a novel, fully-optimizable, reaction-diffusion model which incorporates complex chemical reaction networks (termed "Dense Reaction-Diffusion Network" or "Dense RDN"). This allows us to systematically identify new states and behaviors, including pattern formation, dissipation-maximizing nonequilibrium states, and replication-like dynamical structures.

Cohn and Umans proposed a framework for developing fast matrix multiplication algorithms based on the embedding computation in certain groups algebras. In subsequent work with Kleinberg and Szegedy, they connected this to the search for combinatorial objects called strong uniquely solvable puzzles (strong USPs). We begin a systematic computer-aided search for these objects. We develop and implement constraint-based algorithms build on reductions to $\mathrm{SAT}$ and $\mathrm{IP}$ to verify that puzzles are strong USPs, and to search for large strong USPs. We produce tight bounds on the maximum size of a strong USP for width $k \le 5$, construct puzzles of small width that are larger than previous work, and improve the upper bounds on strong USP size for $k \le 12$. Although our work only deals with puzzles of small-constant width, the strong USPs we find imply matrix multiplication algorithms that run in $O(n^\omega)$ time with exponent $\omega \le 2.66$. While our algorithms do not beat the fastest algorithms, our work provides evidence and, perhaps, a path to finding families of strong USPs that imply matrix multiplication algorithms that are more efficient than those currently known.

Nonconvex-nonconcave minimax optimization has been the focus of intense research over the last decade due to its broad applications in machine learning and operation research. Unfortunately, most existing algorithms cannot be guaranteed to converge and always suffer from limit cycles. Their global convergence relies on certain conditions that are difficult to check, including but not limited to the global Polyak-\L{}ojasiewicz condition, the existence of a solution satisfying the weak Minty variational inequality and $\alpha$-interaction dominant condition. In this paper, we develop the first provably convergent algorithm called doubly smoothed gradient descent ascent method, which gets rid of the limit cycle without requiring any additional conditions. We further show that the algorithm has an iteration complexity of $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-4})$ for finding a game stationary point, which matches the best iteration complexity of single-loop algorithms under nonconcave-concave settings. The algorithm presented here opens up a new path for designing provable algorithms for nonconvex-nonconcave minimax optimization problems.

Customers are rapidly turning to social media for customer support. While brand agents on these platforms are motivated and well-intentioned to help and engage with customers, their efforts are often ignored if their initial response to the customer does not match a specific tone, style, or topic the customer is aiming to receive. The length of a conversation can reflect the effort and quality of the initial response made by a brand toward collaborating and helping consumers, even when the overall sentiment of the conversation might not be very positive. Thus, through this study, we aim to bridge this critical gap in the existing literature by analyzing language's content and stylistic aspects such as expressed empathy, psycho-linguistic features, dialogue tags, and metrics for quantifying personalization of the utterances that can influence the engagement of an interaction. This paper demonstrates that we can predict engagement using initial customer and brand posts.

Objective. The impact of social determinants of health (SDoH) on patients' healthcare quality and the disparity is well-known. Many SDoH items are not coded in structured forms in electronic health records. These items are often captured in free-text clinical notes, but there are limited methods for automatically extracting them. We explore a multi-stage pipeline involving named entity recognition (NER), relation classification (RC), and text classification methods to extract SDoH information from clinical notes automatically. Materials and Methods. The study uses the N2C2 Shared Task data, which was collected from two sources of clinical notes: MIMIC-III and University of Washington Harborview Medical Centers. It contains 4480 social history sections with full annotation for twelve SDoHs. In order to handle the issue of overlapping entities, we developed a novel marker-based NER model. We used it in a multi-stage pipeline to extract SDoH information from clinical notes. Results. Our marker-based system outperformed the state-of-the-art span-based models at handling overlapping entities based on the overall Micro-F1 score performance. It also achieved state-of-the-art performance compared to the shared task methods. Conclusion. The major finding of this study is that the multi-stage pipeline effectively extracts SDoH information from clinical notes. This approach can potentially improve the understanding and tracking of SDoHs in clinical settings. However, error propagation may be an issue, and further research is needed to improve the extraction of entities with complex semantic meanings and low-resource entities using external knowledge.

Objective. Chemical named entity recognition (NER) models have the potential to impact a wide range of downstream tasks, from identifying adverse drug reactions to general pharmacoepidemiology. However, it is unknown whether these models work the same for everyone. Performance disparities can potentially cause harm rather than the intended good. Hence, in this paper, we measure gender-related performance disparities of chemical NER systems. Materials and Methods. We develop a framework to measure gender bias in chemical NER models using synthetic data and a newly annotated dataset of over 92,405 words with self-identified gender information from Reddit. We applied and evaluated state-of-the-art biomedical NER models. Results. Our findings indicate that chemical NER models are biased. The results of the bias tests on the synthetic dataset and the real-world data multiple fairness issues. For example, for synthetic data, we find that female-related names are generally classified as chemicals, particularly in datasets containing many brand names rather than standard ones. For both datasets, we find consistent fairness issues resulting in substantial performance disparities between female- and male-related data. Discussion. Our study highlights the issue of biases in chemical NER models. For example, we find that many systems cannot detect contraceptives (e.g., birth control). Conclusion. Chemical NER models are biased and can be harmful to female-related groups. Therefore, practitioners should carefully consider the potential biases of these models and take steps to mitigate them.

The xView2 competition and xBD dataset spurred significant advancements in overhead building damage detection, but the competition's pixel level scoring can lead to reduced solution performance in areas with tight clusters of buildings or uninformative context. We seek to advance automatic building damage assessment for disaster relief by proposing an auxiliary challenge to the original xView2 competition. This new challenge involves a new dataset and metrics indicating solution performance when damage is more local and limited than in xBD. Our challenge measures a network's ability to identify individual buildings and their damage level without excessive reliance on the buildings' surroundings. Methods that succeed on this challenge will provide more fine-grained, precise damage information than original xView2 solutions. The best-performing xView2 networks' performances dropped noticeably in our new limited/local damage detection task. The common causes of failure observed are that (1) building objects and their classifications are not separated well, and (2) when they are, the classification is strongly biased by surrounding buildings and other damage context. Thus, we release our augmented version of the dataset with additional object-level scoring metrics https://gitlab.kitware.com/dennis.melamed/xfbd to test independence and separability of building objects, alongside the pixel-level performance metrics of the original competition. We also experiment with new baseline models which improve independence and separability of building damage predictions. Our results indicate that building damage detection is not a fully-solved problem, and we invite others to use and build on our dataset augmentations and metrics.

Rather than augmenting rewards with penalties for undesired behavior, Constrained Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (CPOMDPs) plan safely by imposing inviolable hard constraint value budgets. Previous work performing online planning for CPOMDPs has only been applied to discrete action and observation spaces. In this work, we propose algorithms for online CPOMDP planning for continuous state, action, and observation spaces by combining dual ascent with progressive widening. We empirically compare the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms on continuous CPOMDPs that model both toy and real-world safety-critical problems. Additionally, we compare against the use of online solvers for continuous unconstrained POMDPs that scalarize cost constraints into rewards, and investigate the effect of optimistic cost propagation.